CAUSE.

The disease is caused by a highly contagious virus that is transmitted mostly by dogs orally contacting infected feces. Being a virus, they 
contain only DNA or RNA, and are not capable of reproducing unless they invade a cell. Once inside the cell they take over and force the
cell to produce so many new virus particles that the cell eventually bursts, releasing these new virus particles into the bloodstream and
tissues so they can invade other cells. The only thing that can stop this is the immune system. Viruses are the smallest of know living
organisms, and can only be seen with special microscopes called scanning electron microscopes, that cost millions of dollars (ours is on order).
The parvovirus  is extremely small (the Latin word for small is parvo), just 1 thimble full of stool can contain millions of virus particles. It is easy
to see why contamination occurs so readily.  Incubation period varies from 5-10 days. As in many viral diseases of the intestinal tract, some
dogs can pick up the disease and shed the virus without significant symptoms in themselves. The parvovirus can linger in the environment
for many months, allowing it to affect many dogs.  It can withstand common household disinfectants (except bleach) and can withstand
freezing winter temperatures.  It can be spread on the hair and feet of dogs, in addition to shoes, clothes, and eating utensils. We tend to
see parvo in dogs that have other diseases, especially intestinal parasites (worms).  This might be because these dogs have immune systems
that are weakened, making them more susceptible to a viral infection.  Also, the parvo virus capitalizes on the fact that the lining of the
intestines of these dogs with intestinal parasites  are damaged and susceptible to the pavovirus.

SYMPTOMS.

The majority of dogs presented with parvovirus show signs of fever, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, and lack of appetite.  In severe cases the diarrhea
is very watery and frequently bloody, with a telltale odor.  They are very ill, with significant abdominal pain.  The virus is so strong that it literally
causes the lining of the intestines to slough.  It is painful to eat, and with the severe diarrhea and vomiting that is present, they rapidly become
dehydrated.  They also have a disruption in their electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chlorine) that adds to the weakness. There is a complication
that can occur from all the intestinal activity regarding vomiting and diarrhea.  It is called an intussusception, which is literally a telescoping of
the intestine into itself.  This will cause the intestine to die, resulting in death of the pup.  Treatment is surgical, unfortunately, these pups are
in no shape for surgery.  Luckily we do not encounter this very often, it at all. In the per acute form of this disease the virus attacks the heart
and causes rapid death.  Fortunately, it is rare to encounter this nowadays. 

TREATMENT.

Dogs with parvovirus need immediate veterinary care because they are usually very sick.  They should not be treated at home if they are
significantly ill.  This care involves large amounts of intravenous fluids, added electrolytes, antibiotics and special medications to minimize
vomiting.  It is common for them to be hospitalized for 5 days.  We will monitor red blood cell counts and protein levels to determine dogs
that are not responding to routine treatment.  If the protein level becomes low we institute therapy with additional fluids (called colloids) to
combat the problem.  Dogs that continue to decline in spite of therapy may also need a blood transfusion because they can become anemic
and deplete their protein.  We will also treat the internal parasites that can be an integral part of this disease. We do not feed them until they
have gone 24 hours without vomiting.  We will send your dog home if it is eating and not vomiting for 24 hours.  We expect it to have a persistent
soft stool or diarrhea for several days after returning home. 

PREVENTION.

As with all infectious disease, minimizing exposure from infected animals is the most effective means of prevention.  Since infected dogs shed
large amounts of virus in their stool, contamination is always a possibility.  The virus is quite resistant in the environment, especially in public
areas that are not disinfected.  This is a good reason to keep your pup away from these areas until it is older, worm free, and had its full series
of dog vaccines. Since this disease occurs mostly in puppies, worms (internal parasites) and poor nutrition add susceptibility. Puppies should
be wormed frequently until they are 3 months old. Any dog you already have in the household before you exposed it to a parvo dog you brought
in (whether it died or recovered from the parvo) should be current on its vaccines and should have minimal exposure, if possible, to the areas
where the parvo dog contaminated.  It is rare for an adult dog that is current on its parvo vaccine (yearly boosters) to get parvo. If you had a dog
die of parvo, we recommend thorough  cleaning with diluted bleach (l:30 with water, or 4 ounces of Clorox in a gallon of water) and waiting 1-12
months before introducing a new dog to the area.  Spray the yard as best as possible with a hose and keep new dogs away from the area for
1-2 months.  Never put bleach on your dog. Vaccines are highly effective.  Ideally, we should vaccinate pups every 2 weeks starting at 6 weeks
of age and lasting until 5 months of age.  This is not realistic for most people though.  Fortunately, parvo vaccines given at 8, 12, and 16 weeks
of age are highly effective.  Puppies should not be exposed to other dogs or the feces of other dogs until the vaccine series is complete.